Guidelines for Use of Fish

From: Subject: Guidelines for Use of Fish Date: Thu, 1 Aug 2002 15:29:09 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_003C_01C23970.2E3C0140"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2600.0000 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_003C_01C23970.2E3C0140 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.fisheries.org/resource/page14.htm Guidelines for Use of Fish

   Guidelines for =
Use of Fish

             in Field =
Research

1.=20 Collecting
2. = Restraint and=20 Handling
3. = Animal=20 Marking
4. = Housing and=20 Maintenance at Field Sites
5. = Disposition=20 Following Studies

Respect for all forms and = systems of life=20 is an inherent characteristic of scientists and managers who conduct = field=20 research on fishes. The respectful treatment of wild fishes in field = research is=20 both an ethical and a scientific necessity. Traumatized animals may = exhibit=20 abnormal physiological, behavioral, and ecological responses that defeat = the=20 purposes of the investigation. Because of the very considerable range of = adaptive diversity represented by the over 20,000 species of fishes, no = concise=20 or specific compendium of approved methods for field research is = practical or=20 desirable. The ultimate responsibility for the ethical and scientific = validity=20 of an investigation and the methods employed must rest with the=20 investigator.

The AFS policy regarding the = use of fish=20 in field research includes all phases of handling fish:

1.=20 Collecting

=95 The number of specimens = collected=20 should be kept to the minimum the investigator determines necessary to=20 accomplish study goals.

=95 Capture techniques should = be as=20 environmentally benevolent as possible within the constraints of = sampling=20 design.

=95 Current literature should = be reviewed=20 to ascertain when and if capture distress has been properly=20 documented.

=95 Trap and net sets should = be examined at=20 a regular and appropriate schedule, particularly in warm water, to avoid = excessive net mortality.

=95 Use of ichthyocides = should be=20 accomplished with maximal consideration of physical factors such as = water=20 movement and temperature, so as to avoid extensive mortality of natural=20 populations and nontarget species.

=95 Electric currents used = for=20 electrofishing should be adjusted so as to minimize injury and harm to = both the=20 operator and the fish being collected.

=95 Hooks and spears are an = appropriate=20 sampling gear in special environments where other gear cannot be=20 used.

=95 Fishes collected for = museum deposition=20 should be fixed and preserved so as to assure the maximum utility of = each animal=20 and to minimize the need for duplicate collecting.

=95 Fishes that do not die = rapidly=20 following immersion in a formalin solution should be killed before = preservation=20 by means of a chemical anesthetic such as sodium pentobarbital, hydrous=20 chlorobutanol, MS-222, urethane or similarly acting substances, unless = justified=20 in writing by the investigator.

=95 When field fixation of=20 formalin-resistant fishes without prior introduction of anesthetics is=20 necessary, prior numbing of the specimen in ice water should be=20 considered.

=95 Live capture should be = designed to=20 prevent or minimize injury to the animal.

=95 Care should be exercised = to avoid=20 accidental capture of non-target species. Those captured should be = released=20 immediately.

=95 Collection should be = conducted so as to=20 leave the habitat as undisturbed as possible.

=95 The collection of a large = series of=20 animals from breeding aggregations should be avoided if = possible.

2. = Restraint and=20 Handling

=95 Investigators must use = the least amount=20 of restraint necessary to do the job.

=95 When not under study, = aggressive=20 species should not be confined with other animals (other than food) = which they=20 may injure or which may injure them.

=95 Animals should be handled = quietly and=20 with the minimum personnel necessary.

=95 Darkened conditions which = alleviate=20 stress and subdue certain species should be used whenever possible and=20 appropriate.

=95 When hazardous species = such as sharks=20 are handled, (a) chosen procedures should minimize the amount of = handling to=20 reduce or eliminate contact between handler and animal, (b) a second = person,=20 knowledgeable in capture and handling techniques and emergency measures, = should=20 be present at all times, and (c) consultation with experienced workers = as well=20 as review of literature is recommended because much information on the = handling=20 of hazardous species is passed on from person to person rather than = through=20 published literature.

=95 Prolonged distressful = restraint of=20 hazardous fish should be avoided. In some cases, use of a general = anesthesia may=20 be advisable.

=95 Chemicals chosen for = immobilization=20 should consider the impacts of the chemical on target = organisms.

=95 Users must be aware of = appropriate=20 action necessary in the event of accidental human intake of hazardous = drugs used=20 for fish collection and handling.

3. = Animal=20 Marking

=95 Careful testing of = markers on preserved=20 or captive animals before use on wild animals is recommended to = determine=20 effects on behavior, physiology, and survival.

=95 Investigators must also = consider the=20 nature and duration of restraint, the amount of tissue affected, whether = distress is momentary or prolonged, whether the animal, after marking = will be at=20 greater than normal risk, whether the animal's desirability as a mate is = reduced, and whether the risk of infection or abscess formation is=20 minimal.

=95 Fin clipping is a = recommended=20 procedure, but the importance of each fin to the survival and well-being = of=20 target fishes must be determined on a case-by-case basis before being=20 used.

=95 Marking techniques = involving tissue=20 removal or modification (branding, etc.) should be preceded by local = anesthetic=20 (aerosols containing benzocaine, such as Cetacaine, may be applied) and = followed=20 by the application of a topical antiseptic.

=95 Tags should not be used = which could=20 cause physical impairment or enhance the risk of entanglement in = underwater=20 vegetation.

=95 Brightly colored tags = which compromise=20 a fish's camouflage should not be used.

=95 The size, shape, and = placement of tags=20 should permit normal behavior of the animal to the greatest extent=20 possible.

=95 Force-fed radiotelemetry = packages=20 should be small enough to pass through the gut without obstructing the = passage=20 of food.

=95 Force-fed or implanted = radiotelemetry=20 packages should be coated with an impervious, biologically inert=20 coating.

=95 Implanted radio = transmitters should not=20 interfere with the function of the organs surrounding them or with the = fish's=20 normal behavior.

=95 Externally attached radio = transmitters=20 should neither conceal nor enhance the appearance of dorsal fins or = opercular=20 flaps, and should be attached so as to eliminate or minimize the risk of = entanglement with underwater vegetation or other = obstructions.

=95 Special training and = precautions should=20 be taken before radioisotopes are used for marking fish. A license, = which=20 specifies safety procedures for laboratory use, is required for release = of=20 isotopes into natural systems and for disposal of waste = material.

4. = Housing and=20 Maintenance at Field Sites

=95 Restraint and ease of = maintenance by=20 animal keepers should not be the prime determinants of housing=20 conditions.

=95 Normal field maintenance = should=20 incorporate, as far as possible, those aspects of the natural habitat = deemed=20 important to the survival and well-being of the animal.

=95 Nutritionally balanced = diets should be=20 provided or natural foods should be duplicated as closely as=20 possible.

=95 Natural light and = temperature=20 conditions should be followed unless alteration of these are factors = under=20 investigation.

=95 Frequency of aquarium = cleaning should=20 represent a compromise between the level of cleanliness necessary to = prevent=20 disease and the amount of distress imposed by frequent handling and = exposure to=20 unfamiliar surroundings.

5. = Disposition=20 Following Studies

=95 Upon completion of = studies, researchers=20 should release wild-caught specimens whenever this is practical and = ecologically=20 appropriate. Exceptions are if national, state, or locals laws prohibit = release,=20 or if release might be detrimental to the well-being of the existing = gene pools=20 of native fishes in a specific geographic area.

=95 Field-captured fishes = should be=20 released only: (a) at the site of the original capture, unless = conservation=20 efforts or safety considerations dictate otherwise (release should never = be made=20 beyond the native range of the distribution of a fish without prior = approval of=20 the appropriate state and federal agencies, and approved relocations = should be=20 noted in subsequent publication of research results), (b) if their = ability to=20 survive in nature has not been irreversibly impaired, (c) where it can = be=20 reasonably expected that the released animal will function normally = within the=20 population, (d) when local and seasonal conditions are conducive to = survival,=20 and (e) when release is not likely to spread pathogens.

=95 Captured animals that = cannot be=20 released or are not native to the site of intended release should be = properly=20 disposed of, either by distribution to colleagues for further study or, = if=20 possible, by preservation and disposition as teaching or voucher = specimens in=20 research collections.

=95 Investigators must be = careful to ensure=20 that animals subjected to an euthanasia procedure are dead before=20 disposal.

=95 In those rare instances = where specimens=20 are unacceptable for deposition as vouchers or teaching purposes, = disposal of=20 carcasses must be in accordance with acceptable practices as required by = applicable regulations.

=95 Animals containing toxic = substances or=20 drugs (including euthanasia agents like T-61) must not be disposed of in = areas=20 where they may become part of the natural food web.

Return to = Table of=20 Contents

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